Case study 1: Vertebral compression fracture

An 80-year-old woman presented at the emergency department with sudden onset of acute severe back pain for the past few days

The pain is aggravated by gentle movement and shows some relief with rest. She has a background history of osteoporosis and chronic...

Case study 1

A 24-year-old woman presented with a gradual onset, severe, persistent, throbbing right frontal headache associated with nausea, photophobia and motion sensitivity

She also described intermittent tingling in the peri-oral region and in the right arm, gradually spreading down to her...

Significant advances have been made in recent years in terms of disease-modifying treatment of multiple sclerosis. A large number of new treatments are now available. These can prevent clinical relapses, new lesions on imaging, and evidence suggests, significant delay time to progressive disease.¹

However,...

Pain has been described as: “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage.”

We have all heard this definition at one time or another. Chronic pain and associated conditions require further explanation. This goes part of...