Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is at endemic levels worldwide and is currently the leading cause of death among both men and women. Heart attacks in women account for one-third of deaths globally.¹ In this modern age of medicine, women have worse outcomes and a higher mortality risk than men. This multifactorial...

Any discussion on lipids generally comes down to one question: “Do I need to start a lipid-lowering therapy to lower my patient’s risk of a cardiovascular event?”

Lifestyle measures are recommended for all patients, and if a secondary cause is identified for elevated lipids that should be addressed first....

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to atherosclerosis of the arterial vessel wall and to thrombosis is the foremost cause of premature mortality and morbidity in Europe. The main clinical entities are coronary artery disease (CAD), ischaemic stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (PAD). 

The causes of these...

New therapies modifying the renin angiotensin aldosterone system, the natriuretic peptide system and the sympathetic nervous system have led to considerable improvement in heart failure outcomes in recent years. The long term prognosis of heart failure remains poor, however. Anaemia and iron deficiency are two...

The American Heart Association (AHA) and American College of Cardiology (ACC) have considerably lowered hypertension treatment thresholds in recently-published guidelines.¹ The new guidelines have generated much debate about the pros and cons of ‘going so low’ with these thresholds.

The new guidance has met...